Tuesday, November 19, 2013

Glomeromycetes & arbuscular mycorrhizae




Until recently, the Phylum Glomeromycota were considered to be part of the Phylum Zygomycetes. However, studies of rRNA sequences show that the glomeromycetes form a separate monophyletic clade. Glomeromycetes have coenocytic and reproduce asexually through spores, with spore clusters (sporocarps) being found near plant roots.



This group is extremely important ecologically, as nearly all of them form arbuscular mycorrhizae with the roots of seed plants or the thalli of bryophytes.



The arbuscular mycorrhizal species are terrestrial and widely distributed in soils worldwide where they form symbioses with the roots of the majority of plant species (>80%). Almost 90 percent of land plant species have arbuscular mycorrhizal associations. 

They can also be found in wetlands, including salt-marshes, and associated with epiphytic plants. 


One species (Geosiphon pyriformis) is even known to form an association with Nostoc, a cyanobacterium. 

Evidence indicates that nearly all glomeromycetes are obligate biotrophs, meaning they depend for both carbon and energy on their association with plants. 

This symbiotic association is at least 400 million years old. Molecular clock studies attempting to date its origin place the date between 462 and 353 million years ago. 

This age provides further evidence that the micorrhizal association was vital in the colonization of land by plants. Recent evidence also indicates that a few glomeromycete species may be able to live independently.

Different techniques for growing mushrooms

These techniques were taken from the FAO Website from a program named Cultivating mushrooms for people with disabilities


http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/ab497e/ab497e07.htm#TopOfPage

Given the proper environment, mushrooms will grow and can offer a good source of natural vitamins and minerals. Mushrooms can also bring illness and even death to people who are unaware of certain types of wild mushrooms. Cultivated mushrooms are therefore the preferred and most reliable source of supply. Mushrooms are commonly used for various dishes in different shapes and forms. The most commonly and easily cultivated mushrooms are oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus Ostreatus), ear mushrooms (Auricularia polytricha), and straw mushrooms (Volvariella volvacea). Other types of mushrooms such as Lentinula sp., Lentinus sp., Ganoderma sp., Macrocybe sp., Agrocybe sp. types can also be cultivated successfully but will require more attention and knowledge. It is therefore recommended that a new comer in mushroom cultivation start with easy to grow and commercially viable mushroom


Tissue Culture

1. Prepare materials:
Potatoes: 200 gr.
Dextrose: 20 gr.
Agar powder: 20 gr.
Water: 1 liter.
Cotton (gauze)
Note: Visually check potatoes for spots or rot. Buy dextrose and Agar of commercial grade.
2. Wash and cut potatoes into one-centimeter cubes; leave on or remove the skin.
3. Clean small flat bottles (small whiskey bottles as a container can be used).
4. Place potatoes in one liter of water. Simmer for 15 - 20 minutes.
5. Remove potatoes & keep the broth as clear as possible.

Add water to broth to reach one liter of liquid PDA
6. Bring water to stove. Add dextrose followed by agar. Slowly stir continuously with regular speed until completely dissolved.

7. Pour liquid PDA in bottle until you reach 5 - 10 mm high.
8. Plug bottle with cotton.
9. Place bottles in autoclave at 121oC for 20 - 30 minutes to ensure complete sterilization.


Let cool down to around 37oC.
10. Place bottles in slanted position as to increase surface area of the medium. PDA should come close to the neck but must not touch the cotton plug.
After PDA medium is settled in bottle, transfer all bottles to clean shelf in the clean room.
11. Check for contamination (contamination can be seen when dark spots or lines occur).




Growing Shiitake (Lentinula edodes) mushrooms at home

The Shiitake (Lentinula edodes) is an edible mushroom native to East Asia , which is cultivated and consumed in many Asian countries. It is a feature of many Asian cuisines. It is also considered a medicinal mushroom in some forms of traditional medicine.

Shiitake are native to Japan, China and Korea 
Culinary use 
Fresh and dried shiitake have many uses in the cuisines of east asia. In Japan, they are served in miso soup, used as the basis for a kind of vegetarian dashi, and also as an ingredient in many steamed and simmered dishes. In Chinese cuisine, they are often sauteed   in vegetarian dishes such as Buddha's delight.  In Thailand, they may be served either fried or steamed.
Shiitake are also dried and sold as preserved food. These are rehydrated by soaking in water before using. Many people prefer dried shiitake to fresh, considering that the sun-drying process draws out the unami flavour from the dried mushrooms.
Here is the box that arrived from fungi. com on 10/12/13


Bag with substrate based on wood chips
Manual with instructions that were closely followed  and added here throughout the article for full detail



Humidity tent to be placed over patch after misting to preserve moisture
Misting water 3 times a day with non chlorinated nondistilled water

Primordia start forming between 5-10 days of misting


On this image one can see primordials all over the surface and baby mushrooms growing  some conditions are necessary.
1) light: Avoid direct sunlight, ambient light is ok to grow well

2) Temperature: Shiitake grows better in this range: 50-80o F

Watering the mushroom patch: 


Fully formed caps on 10/21/13  after 9 days



Ready for harvest on 10/26/13  after 14 days, exactly what they fungi.com offered (2 weeks)
Some recipes to cook at home recommended by fungi.com 


44th fungal fair presented by the Mycological society in SF

The Mycological Society of San Francisco was founded in 1950 to promote the understanding and enjoyment of mushrooms and other fungi. Their mission has expanded to preserve mycological habitats and to promote and maintain the rights of the general public to collect mushrooms for study and recreational purposes on public lands. 

On December 8th they put together a celebration for wild mushrooms: The 44th annual fungus fair. Meant to see and touch a variety of fresh wild specimens, enjoy cooking demonstrations, attend lectures meet specialists .  Here's a gallery collection of  some of the many species presented in no order or criteria 

Suillus pungens

Boletus edulis
Pulveroboletus  ravenelii
Agaricus subrutilescens
Agaricus augustus
Podaxis pistillaris
Chroogomphus vinicolor
Chroogomphus tomentosus
Pluteus cervinus
Cortinarius laniger
View of the central room


Gymnopilus nuteofolious

Stropharia ambigua
Hypholoma fasciculare


Ramaria acrisiccesnses
Turbinellus floccosus
Ramaria conjunctipes var. tugensis
Gymnopus spp
Leucopaxillus albissimus
Armillaria mellea

Lyophyllum decastes
Russula spp
Russula sanguinea
Russula olivacea
Russula brevipes
Hygrophorus pudorinus
Lactarius deliciosus

Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca
Leucopaxillus albissimus
Amanita muscaria
Amanita pantherina
Aleria aurantia

Trametes betwinwe
Sparassis crispa
Ganoderma oregonense
Trametes versicolor
Ganoderma oregonense
Ganoderma brownii
Laetiporus gilbertsonii
Schizopora paradoxa

Suillus pungens
Suillus fuscotomentosus